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This commodity originally appeared in Universe Today in July, 2012, just it's been updated with a related video.
The planet Mars is one of the brightest objects in the dark sky, easily visible with the unaided eye as a bright red star. Every 2 years or then, Mars and Earth reach their closest bespeak, chosen "opposition", when Mars can be as shut equally 55,000,000 km from Globe. And every 2 years, infinite agencies take advantage of this orbital alignment to transport spacecraft to the Red Planet. How long does it have to become to Mars?
The total journey time from Earth to Mars takes between 150-300 days depending on the speed of the launch, the alignment of World and Mars, and the length of the journeying the spacecraft takes to achieve its target. It actually just depends on how much fuel you're willing to burn down to get at that place. More fuel, shorter travel fourth dimension.
History of Going to Mars:
The first spacecraft ever to make the journey from Earth to Mars was NASA's Mariner 4, which launched on Nov 28, 1964 and arrived at Mars July xiv, 1965, successfully taking a serial of 21 photographs. Mariner 4's total flight time was 228 days.
The next successful mission to Mars was Mariner six, which blasted off on Feb 25, 1969 and reached the planet on July 31, 1969; a flight time of only 156 days. The successful Mariner 7 only required 131 days to brand the journeying.
Mariner 9, the beginning spacecraft to successfully become into orbit around Mars launched on May 30, 1971, and arrived November 13, 1971 for a duration of 167 days. This is the aforementioned pattern that has held up for more almost 50 years of Mars exploration: approximately 150-300 days.
Here are some more examples:
- Viking 1 (1976) – 335 days
- Viking 2 (1976) – 360 days
- Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (2006) – 210 days
- Phoenix Lander (2008) – 295 days
- Curiosity Lander (2012) – 253 days
Why Does it Take Then Long?:
When you consider the fact that Mars is only 55 1000000 km abroad, and the spacecraft are travelling in excess of 20,000 km/hour, you would look the spacecraft to make the journey in about 115 days, only it takes much longer. This is considering both World and Mars are orbiting effectually the Sun. You can't bespeak straight at Mars and beginning firing your rockets, considering by the time yous got there, Mars would take already moved. Instead, spacecraft launched from World need to be pointed at where Mars is going to be.
The other constraint is fuel. Once more, if yous had an unlimited corporeality of fuel, you'd point your spacecraft at Mars, burn down your rockets to the halfway bespeak of the journey, then plow around and decelerate for the last one-half of the journey. You could cut your travel time down to a fraction of the current rate – but you would need an impossible corporeality of fuel.
How to Get to Mars with the Least Amount of Fuel:
The primary business concern of engineers is how to become a spacecraft to Mars, on the least amount of fuel. Robots don't really care about the hostile environment of space, so information technology makes sense to decrease the launch costs of the rocket as much equally possible.
NASA engineers use a method of travel called a Hohmann Transfer Orbit – or a Minimum Energy Transfer Orbit – to send a spacecraft from World to Mars with the to the lowest degree amount of fuel possible. The technique was first proposed by Walter Hohmann who published the first clarification of the maneuver in 1925.
Instead of pointing your rocket direct at Mars, y'all heave the orbit of your spacecraft so that it'due south post-obit a larger orbit around the Sun than the Earth. Eventually that orbit will intersect the orbit of Mars – at the exact moment that Mars is at that place too.
If you need to launch with less fuel, you just have longer to raise your orbit, and increment the journeying to Mars.
Other Ideas to Decrease the Travel Fourth dimension to Mars:
Although information technology requires some patience to wait for a spacecraft to travel 250 days to reach Mars, we might want a completely different propulsion method if we're sending humans. Space is a hostile place, and the radiation of interplanetary space might pose a longterm health risk to homo astronauts. The background cosmic rays inflict a constant barrage of cancer-inducing radiation, simply there'due south a bigger risk of massive solar storms, which could kill unprotected astronauts in a few hours. If you lot tin decrease the travel time, y'all reduce the amount of time astronauts are getting pelted with radiation, and minimize the amount of supplies they need to conduct for a return journey.
Go Nuclear:
One idea is nuclear rockets, which heat up a working fluid – similar hydrogen – to intense temperatures in a nuclear reactor, and and so blast information technology out a rocket nozzle at high velocities to create thrust. Because nuclear fuels are far more free energy dumbo than chemical rockets, you could get a higher thrust velocity with less fuel. It's proposed that a nuclear rocket could subtract the travel time down to about 7 months
Get Magnetic:
Another proposal is a applied science called the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (or VASIMR). This is an electromagnetic thruster which uses radio waves to ionize and rut a propellant. This creates an ionized gas called plasma which can be magnetically thrust out the back of the spacecraft at high velocities. Former astronaut Franklin Chang-Diaz is pioneering the development of this engineering, and a prototype is expected to exist installed on the International Infinite Station to assist it maintain its altitude above Earth. In a mission to Mars, a VASIMR rocket could reduce the travel time down to 5 months.
Go Antimatter:
Mayhap one of the most extreme proposals would be to use an antimatter rocket. Created in particle accelerators, antimatter is the most dumbo fuel you could perchance use. When atoms of matter meet atoms of antimatter, they transform into pure energy, equally predicted by Albert Einstein's famous equation: Due east = mcii. But 10 milligrams of antimatter would exist needed to propel a human mission to Mars in only 45 days. But then, producing fifty-fifty that minuscule amount of antimatter would cost most $250 million.
Future Missions to Mars:
Even though some incredible technologies accept been proposed to shorten the travel fourth dimension to Mars, engineers will exist using the tried and truthful methods of following minimum energy transfer orbits using chemical rockets. NASA's MAVEN mission will launch in 2013 using this technique, likewise ESA's ExoMars missions. Information technology might be a few decades earlier other methods become common techniques.
Research further:
Data about Interplanetary Orbits – NASA
7 Minutes of Terror – The Challenge of Landing at Mars
NASA Proposal for a nuclear rocket engine
Hohmann Transfer Orbits – Iowa State University
Minimum Transfers and Interplanetary Orbits
New and Improved Antimatter Infinite Send for Mars Missions – NASA
Astronomy Cast Episode 84: Getting Around the Solar System
Related Stories from Universe Today:
Travel to Mars in Merely 39 Days
A One Way, Ane Person Mission to Mars
Could a Human Mission to Mars be Funded Commercially?
How Will MSL Navigate to Mars? Very Advisedly
A Cheap Solution to Getting to Mars?
Why have and then many missions to Mars failed?
This article originally appeared in Universe Today in July, 2012, but it'south been updated with a related video.
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